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The silver pheasant (''Lophura nycthemera'') is a species of pheasant found in forests, mainly in mountains, of mainland Southeast Asia, and eastern and southern China, with introduced populations in Hawaii and various locations in the US mainland. The male is black and white, while the female is mainly brown. Both sexes have a bare red face and red legs (the latter separating it from the greyish-legged kalij pheasant).〔McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). Silver Pheasant (''Lophura nycthemera''). pp. 533 in: del Hoyo, J, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edictions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6〕 It is common in aviculture, and overall also remains common in the wild, but some of its subspecies (notably ''whiteheadi'' from Hainan, ''engelbachi'' from southern Laos, and ''annamensis'' from southern Vietnam) are rare and threatened.〔 ==Taxonomy== Like other pheasants, the silver pheasant was placed in the genus ''Phasianus'' when described by Linnaeus in 1758. Since then it – or at least some of the subspecies associated with it – have been placed either in ''Euplocamus''〔Hume, A. O., & C. H. T. Marshall (1879-1881). ''Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon''.〕 or ''Gennceus''.〔Finn, F. (1915). ''Indian Sporting Birds''.〕 Today all major authorities place the silver pheasant in ''Lophura''.〔〔Clements, J. F. (2007). ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World''. 6th edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1〕〔Dickinson, E. C. Eds. (2003). ''The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World''. 3rd edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6536-X〕 The silver pheasant is closely related to the kalij pheasant and the two are known to hybridize.〔MacKinnon, J., & K. Phillipps (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of China.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854940-7〕 The placement of the taxa ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'' has been a matter of dispute, with some treating them as subspecies of the kalij pheasant〔McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). Kalij Pheasant (''Lophura leucomelanos''). pp. 533 in: del Hoyo, J, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edictions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6〕 and others as subspecies of the silver pheasant.〔McGowan, P. J. K., A. L. Panchen (1994). ''Plumage variation and geographical distribution in the Kalij and Silver Pheasants.'' Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 114: 113-123.〕 They have greyish legs as in the kalij pheasant, but their plumage is closer to that of some subspecies of the silver pheasant. Additionally, as the silver pheasant, ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'' are found east of the Irrawaddy River, a major zoogeographic barrier, while all other subspecies of the kalij pheasant are found west of the river (''oatesi'', a subspecies of the kalij pheasant, has sometimes been reported as occurring east of that river,〔 but this is incorrect〔Robson, C. (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia.'' New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1-85368-313-2〕). Based on mtDNA, it was recently confirmed that ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'' should be regarded as subspecies of the kalij pheasant.〔Moulin, S., E. Randi, C. Tabarroni, & A. Hennache (2003). ''Mitochondrial DNA diversification among the subspecies of the silver and kalij pheasants, Lophura nycthemera and L. leucomelanos, Phasianidae.'' Ibis 145: E1-E11〕 With these two as subspecies of the kalij pheasant, the silver pheasant has 15 subspecies.〔〔 However, while some subspecies are relatively distinctive, several others (at least ''rufipes'', ''occidentalis'', ''ripponi'', ''jonesi'', ''beaulieui'', ''nycthemera'' and ''fokiensis'') are likely part of a cline,〔 which, if confirmed, would result in them being junior synonyms of the nominate subspecies. Several other taxa, for example ''andersoni'', are now considered invalid by all major authorities.〔〔〔 Once considered a very rare species, the imperial pheasant is actually a naturally occurring hybrid between the silver pheasant and the Vietnamese pheasant.〔Hennache, A., P. Rasmussen, V. Lucchini, S. Rimondi, & E. Randi (2003). ''Hybrid origin of the imperial pheasant Lophura imperialis (Delacour and Jabouille, 1924) demonstrated by morphology, hybrid experiments, and DNA analyses.'' Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80(4): 573-600.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「silver pheasant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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